Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Abstract
All vitamin D studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchVitamin DVitamin D (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Azvudine Meta
Bromhexine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Curcumin Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis    Recent:   

Suboptimal Consumption of Relevant Immune System Micronutrients Is Associated with a Worse Impact of COVID-19 in Spanish Populations

Galmés et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14112254
May 2022  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Vitamin D for COVID-19
8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020
 
*, now known with p < 0.00000000001 from 120 studies, recognized in 7 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine complementary and synergistic treatments. * >10% efficacy in meta analysis with ≥3 clinical studies.
3,900+ studies for 60+ treatments. c19early.org
Ecological study in Spain, showing lower intake of vitamin D, A, B9, and zinc in regions with the highest COVID-19 incidence and mortality.
Vitamin D intake was associated with lower prevalence, incidence, and a combined incidence+mortality index. Vitamin A intake was correlated with lower incidence, ∆incidence, and combined incidence+mortality, while not reaching statistical significance (p = 0.09, 0.07, 0.06). Vitamin B9, B12, and zinc were associated with lower ∆incidence.
Authors analyze 10 vitamins and minerals endorsed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as having sufficient evidence for a causal relationship between intake and optimal immune system function: vitamins D, A, C, B6, B9, B12, zinc, copper, iron, and selenium.
The intake of all 10 showed an inverse correlation with ∆incidence and combined incidence+mortality (statistically significant only as shown).
Study covers diet, selenium, vitamin C, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B9, and vitamin B12.
Galmés et al., 27 May 2022, Spain, peer-reviewed, 3 authors. Contact: s.galmes@uib.cat.
This PaperVitamin DAll
Suboptimal Consumption of Relevant Immune System Micronutrients Is Associated with a Worse Impact of COVID-19 in Spanish Populations
Sebastià Galmés, Andreu Palou, Francisca Serra
Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14112254
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global health crisis and the factors behind its differential impact on COVID-19 among populations are still being known. Geographical differences in nutrient profile could be a relevant factor, especially considering that scientific evidence supports that 10 micronutrients are essential for proper immune system function. This study aims to evaluate these micronutrient intakes in the territories of Spain and to analyze their relationship with epidemiological indicators of COVID-19 from the first two waves of COVID-19, when neither specific vaccines nor drugs had yet come into play. Results showed that vitamin D, A, B9, and zinc intakes were particularly insufficient in Spain. The joint intake of these four micronutrients was lower in regions with the highest COVID-19 incidence and mortality, and of particular importance, was the insufficient intake of vitamin D. A pattern of food consumption associated with lower COVID-19 impact was observed. In conclusion, the results show the relevance of the optimal consumption of foods rich in essential nutrients for the immune system. Therefore, this assessment could serve to launch specific dietary recommendations to strengthen the immune system in Spanish territories to better face potential new COVID-19 variants and/or further infectious diseases.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, methodology, data curation, and writing-original draft preparation were done by S.G., F.S. and A.P.; writing-review and editing-and supervision were performed by F.S. and A.P.; project administration and funding acquisition were carried out by A.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Abdelmaksoud, Ghweil, Hassan, Rashad, Khodeary et al., Olfactory Disturbances as Presenting Manifestation Among Egyptian Patients with COVID-19: Possible Role of Zinc, Biol. Trace Elem. Res, doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02546-5
Acosta-Elias, Espinosa-Tanguma, The Folate Concentration and/or Folic Acid Metabolites in Plasma as Factor for COVID-19 Infection, Front. Pharmacol, doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.01062
Al-Saleh, Alrushud, Alnuwaysir, Elkhatib, Shoukri et al., Essential metals, vitamins and antioxidant enzyme activities in COVID-19 patients and their potential associations with the disease severity, Biometals, doi:10.1007/S10534-021-00355-4
Alipio, Vitamin D Supplementation Could Possibly Improve Clinical Outcomes of Patients Infected with Coronavirus, SSRN Electron. J
Benedik, Sources of vitamin D for humans, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res, doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000733
Bertoldi, Gianesello, Calò, Rho kinase inhibition and the potential role of vitamin D against COVID-19, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther, doi:10.1111/apt.15895
Bonet, Ribot, Galmés, Serra, Palou, Carotenoids and carotenoid conversion products in adipose tissue biology and obesity: Pre-clinical and human studies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158676
Carr, Gombart, Multi-Level Immune Support by Vitamins C and D during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/NU14030689
Chen, Wang, Wang, Yang, Wang et al., Pharmacological development of the potential adjuvant therapeutic agents against coronavirus disease, J. Chinese Med. Assoc, doi:10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000375
Chew, Role of Carotenoids in the Immune Response, J. Dairy Sci, doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77619-5
Daneshkhah, Eshein, Subramanian, Roy, Backman, The Role of Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients and Associated Mortality, doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.20058578
De Almeida Brasiel, The key role of zinc in elderly immunity: A possible approach in the COVID-19 crisis, Clin. Nutr. ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.06.003
Ducker, Rabinowitz, One-Carbon Metabolism in Health and Disease, Cell Metab, doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.009
Efsa Panel On Dietetic, Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and contribution to the normal function of the immune system pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC), EFSA J, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4096
Efsa Panel On Dietetic, Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B6 and protein and glycogen metabolism (ID 65, 70, 71), function of the nervous system (ID 66), red blood, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1225
Efsa Panel On Dietetic, Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and normal function of the immune system and inflammatory response (ID 154, 159), maintenance of normal muscle function (ID 155) and maintenance of normal cardiovascular functi, EFSA J, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1468
Efsa Panel On Dietetic, Products, Nutrition, Allergies, Dietary reference values for vitamin D, EFSA J, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4547
Efsa Panel On, Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to copper and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 263, 1726), function of the immune system (ID 264), maintenance of connective tissues, ID, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1211
Efsa Panel On, Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to iron and formation of red blood cells and haemoglobin (ID 249, ID 1589, oxygen transport, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1215
Efsa Panel On, Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to selenium and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1220
Efsa Panel On, Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to zinc and function of the immune system (ID 291, 1757), DNA synthesis and cell division (ID 292, 1759), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage, mainte, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1229
Estudio, Cuarta ronda estudio nacional de sero-epidemiología de la infección por SARS-COV-2 en España
Faurschou, Beyer, Schmedes, Bogh, Philipsen et al., The relation between sunscreen layer thickness and vitamin D production after ultraviolet B exposure: A randomized clinical trial, Br. J. Dermatol, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11004.x
Fayet-Moore, Brock, Wright, Ridges, Small et al., Determinants of vitamin D status of healthy office workers in Sydney, Australia, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.02.017
Finzi, Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with high dose oral zinc salts: A report on four patients, Int. J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.006
Galmés, Serra, Palou, Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12092738
Gamero-De-Luna, Gamero-Estévez, Mutaciones, variantes y cepas de SARS-CoV-2, Med. Fam. Semer, doi:10.1016/j.semerg.2021.01.001
Gombart, Pierre, Maggini, A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12010236
Gonçalves, Gonçalves, Guarnieri, Risegato, Guimarães et al., Association Between Low Zinc Levels and Severity of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Nutr. Clin. Pract, doi:10.1002/ncp.10612
Goñi, Hernández-Galiot, Intake of Nutrient and Non-Nutrient Dietary Antioxidants. Contribution of Macromolecular Antioxidant Polyphenols in an Elderly Mediterranean Population, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu11092165
Grant, Al Anouti, Boucher, Dursun, Gezen-Ak et al., A Narrative Review of the Evidence for Variations in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Thresholds for Optimal Health, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14030639
Grant, Lahore, Mcdonnell, Baggerly, French et al., Evidence that vitamin d supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12040988
Gupta, Gupta, Selenium in soils and crops, its deficiencies in livestock and humans: Implications for management, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal, doi:10.1080/00103620009370538
Hayden, Tyagi, Impaired Folate-Mediated One-Carbon Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes, Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease and Long COVID, Medicina, doi:10.3390/MEDICINA58010016
Hotamisligil, Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders, Nature, doi:10.1038/nature21363
Huang, Wang, Li, Ren, Zhao et al., Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Ilie, Stefanescu, Smith, The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality, Aging Clin. Exp. Res, doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8
Jagielski, Łuszczki, Wnęk, Micek, Bolesławska et al., Associations of Nutritional Behavior and Gut Microbiota with the Risk of COVID-19 in Healthy Young Adults in Poland, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14020350
Joachimiak, Zinc against COVID-19? Symptom surveillance and deficiency risk groups, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008895
Jones, Droz, Greve, Gottschalk, Poffet et al., Selenium deficiency risk predicted to increase under future climate change, doi:10.1073/pnas.1611576114
Karonova, Chernikova, Golovatyuk, Bykova, Grant et al., Vitamin D Intake May Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Infection Morbidity in Health Care Workers, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/NU14030505
Kańtoch, Litwińska, Szkoda, Siennicka, Importance of vitamin A deficiency in pathology and immunology of viral infections, Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig
Li, Wu, Li, Liang, Fai Tse et al., Revealing the targets and mechanisms of vitamin A in the treatment of COVID-19, Aging, doi:10.18632/AGING.103888
Maggini, Feeding the immune system: The role of micronutrients in restoring resistance to infections, CAB Rev. Perspect. Agric. Vet. Sci. Nutr. Nat. Resour, doi:10.1079/PAVSNNR20083098
Maggini, Wintergerst, Beveridge, Hornig, Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses, Br. J. Nutr, doi:10.1017/S0007114507832971
Midha, Kumar, Kumar, Madan, Mega doses of retinol: A possible immunomodulation in Covid-19 illness in resource-limited settings, Rev. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/rmv.2204
Mielgo-Ayuso, Aparicio-Ugarriza, Olza, Aranceta-Bartrina, Gil et al., Dietary intake and food sources of niacin, riboflavin, thiamin and vitamin B6 in a representative sample of the spanish population. The anthropometry, intake, and energy balance in Spain (ANIBES) study, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu10070846
Olza, Aranceta-Bartrina, González-Gross, Ortega, Serra-Majem et al., Reported Dietary Intake and Food Sources of Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamins A, E and C in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu9070697
Olza, Aranceta-Bartrina, González-Gross, Ortega, Serra-Majem et al., Reported Dietary Intake, Disparity between the Reported Consumption and the Level Needed for Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu9020168
Partearroyo, De, Samaniego-Vaesken, Ruiz, Olza et al., Dietary sources and intakes of folates and Vitamin B12 in the Spanish population: Findings from the ANIBES study, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189230
Pormohammad, Monych, Turner, Zinc and SARS-CoV-2: A molecular modeling study of Zn interactions with RNAdependent RNA-polymerase and 3C-like proteinase enzymes, Int. J. Mol. Med, doi:10.3892/ijmm.2020.4790
Ruan, Yang, Wang, Jiang, Song, Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China, Intensive Care Med, doi:10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x
Saeed, Nadeem, Ahmed, Tahir Nadeem, Arshad et al., Studying the impact of nutritional immunology underlying the modulation of immune responses by nutritional compounds-A review, Food Agric. Immunol, doi:10.1080/09540105.2015.1079600
Sarohan, COVID-19: Endogenous Retinoic Acid Theory and Retinoic Acid Depletion Syndrome, Med. Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110250
Sassi, Tamone, D'amelio, Vitamin, Nutrient, Hormone, and Immunomodulator, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu10111656
Semba, Vitamin A and immunity to viral, bacterial and protozoan infections, Proc. Nutr. Soc, doi:10.1017/S0029665199000944
Sheybani, Dokoohaki, Negahdaripour, Dehdashti, Zolghadr et al., The role of folic acid in the management of respiratory disease caused by COVID-19, ChemRxiv, doi:10.26434/chemrxiv12034980,p.v1
Singh, Gupta, Kazmi, Al-Abbasi, Negi et al., SARS CoV-2 aggravates cellular metabolism mediated complications in COVID-19 infection, Dermatol. Ther, doi:10.1111/dth.13871
Sthda-Home, None
Stockman, Bellamy, Garner, SARS: Systematic Review of Treatment Effects, PLoS Med, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030343
Tan, Ho, Kalimuddin, Cherng, Teh et al., Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19), Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017
Topilski, Flaishon, Naveh, Harmelin, Levo et al., The anti-inflammatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Th2 cellsin vivo are due in part to the control of integrin-mediated T lymphocyte homing, Eur. J. Immunol, doi:10.1002/eji.200324532
Toti, Oliver Chen, Palmery, Valencia, Peluso, Non-provitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids as immunomodulators: Recommended dietary allowance, therapeutic index, or personalized nutrition?, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev, doi:10.1155/2018/4637861
Trasino, A role for retinoids in the treatment of COVID-19?, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol, doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13354
Troen, Mitchell, Sorensen, Wener, Johnston et al., Unmetabolized Folic Acid in Plasma Is Associated with Reduced Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity among Postmenopausal Women, J. Nutr, doi:10.1093/jn/136.1.189
Tuerk, Fazel, Zinc deficiency, Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol, doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e328321b395
Uta, Neamtu, Bernad, Mocanu, Gluhovschi et al., The Influence of Nutritional Supplementation for Iron Deficiency Anemia on Pregnancies Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14040836
Villamor, Mbise, Spiegelman, Hertzmark, Fataki et al., Vitamin A Supplements Ameliorate the Adverse Effect of HIV-1, Malaria, and Diarrheal Infections on Child Growth, Pediatrics, doi:10.1542/peds.109.1.e6
Wang, Paulson, Pease, Watson, Comfort et al., Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-2021, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
Wee, COVID-19′s toll on the elderly and those with diabetes mellitus-Is vitamin B12 deficiency an accomplice?, Med. Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110374
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit