For vitamin D, most PrEP results refer to vitamin D sufficiency which does not
distinguish between sufficiency obtained via supplementation or other methods.
Confounding factors may be significant. Currently, six of these studies
analyze treatment of COVID-19 with vitamin D.
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Positive
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PrEP |
De Smet et al., American Journal of Clinical Pathology, doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa252 (Peer Reviewed) |
death, ↓70.1%, p=0.02 |
Serum 25(OH)D Level on Hospital Admission Associated With COVID-19 Stage and Mortality |
| Retrospective 186 hospitalized patients in Belgium showing that 59% of patients were vitamin D deficient, and that non-vitamin D deficient patients had significantly lower mortality risk, RR 0.26, p = 0.015. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| De Smet et al., American Journal of Clinical Pathology, doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa252 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Serum 25(OH)D Level on Hospital Admission Associated With COVID-19 Stage and Mortality |
Retrospective 186 hospitalized patients in Belgium showing that 59% of patients were vitamin D deficient, and that non-vitamin D deficient patients had significantly lower mortality risk, RR 0.26, p = 0.015.
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death, ↓70.1%, p=0.02, >20ng/mL
(odds ratio converted to relative risk)
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Positive
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PrEP |
Jain et al., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77093-z (Peer Reviewed) |
ICU, ↓95.4%, p<0.0001 |
Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers |
| Prospective study of 91 asymptomatic and 63 ICU patients showing significantly higher vitamin D deficiency in the ICU patients (97% vs. 33%). |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Jain et al., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77093-z (Peer Reviewed) |
| Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers |
| Prospective study of 91 asymptomatic and 63 ICU patients showing significantly higher vitamin D deficiency in the ICU patients (97% vs. 33%).
ICU admission, ↓95.4%, p<0.0001, vitamin D deficiency risk of ICU admission
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Inconc.
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Late |
Murai et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.20232397 (Preprint) |
death, ↑38.0%, p=0.59 |
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation vs Placebo on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients with Severe COVID-19: A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial |
| Very late stage (mean 10 days from symptom onset, 90% on oxygen at baseline) vitamin D supplementation RCT not showing significant differences.
Ethnicity was poorly matched between arms, and diabetes was 41% in the treatment arm vs. 29% .. |
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Inconc.
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Late treatment study
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| Murai et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.20232397 (Preprint) |
| Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation vs Placebo on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients with Severe COVID-19: A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial |
Very late stage (mean 10 days from symptom onset, 90% on oxygen at baseline) vitamin D supplementation RCT not showing significant differences.Ethnicity was poorly matched between arms, and diabetes was 41% in the treatment arm vs. 29% in the control arm. Baseline ventilation was 15% in the treatment arm vs. 12% control, this alone may account for the higher mortality. Calcifediol, which avoids several days delay in conversion, may be more successful, especially with this very late stage usage.
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death, ↑38.0%, p=0.59
ventilation, ↓51.3%, p=0.09
ICU admission, ↓25.5%, p=0.31
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Positive
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PrEP |
Luo et al., The Journal of Nutrition, doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa332 (Peer Reviewed) |
progression, ↓63.0%, p=0.01 |
Vitamin D Deficiency Is Inversely Associated with COVID-19 Incidence and Disease Severity in Chinese People |
| Retrospective 335 patients in China compared to 560 matched controls showing significanlty lower risk of severe COVID-19 with vitamin D sufficiency (>=30 nmol/L) OR 0.37, p = 0.014. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Luo et al., The Journal of Nutrition, doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa332 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Vitamin D Deficiency Is Inversely Associated with COVID-19 Incidence and Disease Severity in Chinese People |
| Retrospective 335 patients in China compared to 560 matched controls showing significanlty lower risk of severe COVID-19 with vitamin D sufficiency (>=30 nmol/L) OR 0.37, p = 0.014.
disease progression, ↓63.0%, p=0.01, >30nmol/L
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Positive
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Meta |
Jungreis et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.20222638 (Preprint) |
Mathematical analysis of Córdoba calcifediol trial suggests strong role for Vitamin D in reducing ICU admissions of hospitalized COVID-19 patients |
| Analysis of Castillo et al. confirming efficacy of calcifediol treatment. Authors find that issues related to imperfect blinding and comorbidities can not explain the result found.
See [1] for a response to issues raised on this analysis. |
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Positive
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Meta
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| Jungreis et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.20222638 (Preprint) |
| Mathematical analysis of Córdoba calcifediol trial suggests strong role for Vitamin D in reducing ICU admissions of hospitalized COVID-19 patients |
| Analysis of Castillo et al. confirming efficacy of calcifediol treatment. Authors find that issues related to imperfect blinding and comorbidities can not explain the result found.See [1] for a response to issues raised on this analysis.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
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Late |
Rastogi et al., Postgraduate Medical Journal, doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139065 (Peer Reviewed) |
viral+, ↓52.6%, p=0.02 |
Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study) |
| 53% reduction in PCR+ with high-dose cholecalciferol supplementation. RCT with 16 treatment patients and 24 control patients.
Relative risk of PCR+ at 2 weeks with treatment, RR 0.47, p=0.18
25(OH)D levels at day 14 were 52 ng/ml vs. 15.. |
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Positive
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Late treatment study
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| Rastogi et al., Postgraduate Medical Journal, doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139065 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study) |
53% reduction in PCR+ with high-dose cholecalciferol supplementation. RCT with 16 treatment patients and 24 control patients.Relative risk of PCR+ at 2 weeks with treatment, RR 0.47, p=0.1825(OH)D levels at day 14 were 52 ng/ml vs. 15 ng/ml in the intervention and control group.
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no virological cure, ↓52.6%, p=0.02
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Inconc.
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PrEP |
Walk et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.20227512 (Preprint) |
int./death, ↑0.4%, p=1.00 |
Vitamin D - contrary to vitamin K - does not associate with clinical outcome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients |
| Small retrospective study of 135 patients not finding a significant difference in vitamin D status. Patients with good outcomes had a median of 45.0 nmol/L versus 37.7 nmol/L for bad outcomes, p = 0.85.
Authors found that vitamin D suffi.. |
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Inconc.
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Walk et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.20227512 (Preprint) |
| Vitamin D - contrary to vitamin K - does not associate with clinical outcome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients |
Small retrospective study of 135 patients not finding a significant difference in vitamin D status. Patients with good outcomes had a median of 45.0 nmol/L versus 37.7 nmol/L for bad outcomes, p = 0.85.Authors found that vitamin D sufficient persons had accelerated elastic fiber degradation, they hypothesize pro-calcification effects during COVID-19 and that vitamin K might compensate for this.
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combined intubation/death, ↑0.4%, p=1.00, >25nmol/L
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Positive
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PrEP |
Annweiler et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12113377 (Peer Reviewed) |
death, ↓93.0%, p=0.02 |
Vitamin D Supplementation Associated to Better Survival in Hospitalized Frail Elderly COVID-19 Patients: The GERIA-COVID Quasi-Experimental Study |
| Retrospective study finding that regular bolus vitamin D supplementation was associated with less severe COVID-19 and better survival in frail elderly.
For those receiving regular supplementation:
Adjusted mortality hazard ratio with su.. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Annweiler et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12113377 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Vitamin D Supplementation Associated to Better Survival in Hospitalized Frail Elderly COVID-19 Patients: The GERIA-COVID Quasi-Experimental Study |
Retrospective study finding that regular bolus vitamin D supplementation was associated with less severe COVID-19 and better survival in frail elderly.For those receiving regular supplementation:Adjusted mortality hazard ratio with supplementation HR 0.07, p = 0.017.
Risk of severe COVID-19 with supplementation OR 0.08, p = 0.033.For supplementation started after COVID-19 diagnosis:Adjusted mortality hazard ratio HR 0.37, p = 0.28.
Risk of severe COVID-19 with supplementation OR 0.46, p = 0.4.
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death, ↓93.0%, p=0.02, regular bolus supplementation
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Review
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Review |
Mercola et al., Nutrients 2020, 12:11, 3361, doi:10.3390/nu12113361 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
Evidence Regarding Vitamin D and Risk of COVID-19 and Its Severity |
| Review of vitamin D and COVID-19 concluding that the evidence seems strong enough that people and physicians can use or recommend vitamin D supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19 in light of their safety and wide therapeutic window. |
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Review
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Review
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| Mercola et al., Nutrients 2020, 12:11, 3361, doi:10.3390/nu12113361 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
| Evidence Regarding Vitamin D and Risk of COVID-19 and Its Severity |
| Review of vitamin D and COVID-19 concluding that the evidence seems strong enough that people and physicians can use or recommend vitamin D supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19 in light of their safety and wide therapeutic window.
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
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PrEP |
Walrand, W., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.20221176 (Preprint) |
The unexpected spectacular 2020 October COVID-19 boost in European countries correlated with the latitude, but not with the temperature |
| Analysis of the increase in COVID-19 cases in European countries, showing no correlation between with temperature, but a significant correlation with country latitude.
Since UV radiation decreases earlier for higher latitudes, this suppo.. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Walrand, W., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.20221176 (Preprint) |
| The unexpected spectacular 2020 October COVID-19 boost in European countries correlated with the latitude, but not with the temperature |
Analysis of the increase in COVID-19 cases in European countries, showing no correlation between with temperature, but a significant correlation with country latitude.Since UV radiation decreases earlier for higher latitudes, this supports the theory that low vitamin D levels increases COVID-19 risk.
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Source
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Positive
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Levels |
Hernández et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa733 (Peer Reviewed) |
death/ICU, ↓83.0%, p<0.0001 |
Vitamin D Status in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
| Retrospective 216 COVID-19 patients and 197 population controls.
Vitamin D deficiency was found in 82.2% of COVID-19 cases and 47.2% of population-based controls (P < .0001).
Authors note: "We did not find any relationship between .. |
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Positive
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Levels
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| Hernández et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa733 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Vitamin D Status in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
Retrospective 216 COVID-19 patients and 197 population controls.Vitamin D deficiency was found in 82.2% of COVID-19 cases and 47.2% of population-based controls (P < .0001).Authors note: "We did not find any relationship between vitamin D concentrations or vitamin deficiency and the severity of the disease". While no association was found within hospitalized patients, this statement is incorrect because there is an association with hospitalization, and hospitalization is an indication of COVID-19 severity.
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combined death/ICU, ↓83.0%, p<0.0001, >= 20ng/mL risk of hospitalization * risk of death/ICU/ventilation|hospitalization
combined death/ICU, ↓12.0%, p=0.86, >= 20ng/mL risk of death/ICU/ventilation|hospitalization
hospitalization, ↓80.6%, p<0.0001, >= 20ng/mL
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Source
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Review
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N/A |
Basha et al., Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2020.10.005 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
Is the shielding effect of cholecalciferol in SARS CoV-2 infection dependable? An evidence based unraveling |
| Review of vitamin D for COVID-19, concluding that the available evidence is very suggestive of protective and preventive effect of vitamin D.
Authors note that strict lockdown (longer time indoors and home quarantine) may increase the r.. |
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Review
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N/A
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| Basha et al., Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2020.10.005 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
| Is the shielding effect of cholecalciferol in SARS CoV-2 infection dependable? An evidence based unraveling |
| Review of vitamin D for COVID-19, concluding that the available evidence is very suggestive of protective and preventive effect of vitamin D. Authors note that strict lockdown (longer time indoors and home quarantine) may increase the risk of developing vitamin D deficiency. They suggest it is the duty of governments to strengthen recommendations regarding nutritional supplementation (especially vitamin D and C), particularly under quarantine and lockdown times.
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
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Late |
Ling et el., (Preprint) |
death, ↓42.6%, p=0.0002 |
Vitamin D Treatment Is Associated with Reduced Risk of Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Centre Observational Study |
| Retrospective 986 hospitalized patients in the UK, finding vitamin D treatment was associated with a reduced risk of mortality, regardless of baseline vitamin D status.
Vitamin D status (replete/insufficient/deficient) was not associated.. |
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Positive
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Late treatment study
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| Ling et el., (Preprint) |
| Vitamin D Treatment Is Associated with Reduced Risk of Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Centre Observational Study |
| Retrospective 986 hospitalized patients in the UK, finding vitamin D treatment was associated with a reduced risk of mortality, regardless of baseline vitamin D status.Vitamin D status (replete/insufficient/deficient) was not associated with mortality. Authors suggest that the level considered replete may be too low.
death, ↓42.6%, p=0.0002
(odds ratio converted to relative risk)
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
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Early, PrEP |
Annweiler et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105771 (Peer Reviewed) |
death, ↓68.4%, p=0.02 |
Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: A quasi-experimental study |
| Vitamin D3 supplementation during or just before COVID-19 was associated with 68% lower mortality and less severe COVID-19 in frail elderly.
Retrospective 66 French nursing home residents, mean age 87.7, 9 control patients, and 57 that r.. |
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Positive
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Early, PrEP
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| Annweiler et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105771 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: A quasi-experimental study |
Vitamin D3 supplementation during or just before COVID-19 was associated with 68% lower mortality and less severe COVID-19 in frail elderly.Retrospective 66 French nursing home residents, mean age 87.7, 9 control patients, and 57 that received an oral bolus of 80,000 IU vitamin D3 either in the week following the suspicion or diagnosis of COVID-19, or during the previous month. 17.5% mortality in the treatment group and 55.6% in the control group.
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death, ↓68.4%, p=0.02, bolus 80
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
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PrEP |
Faniyi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.20206706 (Preprint) |
seropositive, ↓28.8%, p=0.003 |
Vitamin D status and seroconversion for COVID-19 in UK healthcare workers who isolated for COVID-19 like symptoms during the 2020 pandemic |
| Analysis of vitamin D status and anti-SARS-Cov-2 antibodies in UK healthcare workers finding that Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor
for COVID-19 seroconversion. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Faniyi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.20206706 (Preprint) |
| Vitamin D status and seroconversion for COVID-19 in UK healthcare workers who isolated for COVID-19 like symptoms during the 2020 pandemic |
Analysis of vitamin D status and anti-SARS-Cov-2 antibodies in UK healthcare workers finding that Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor
for COVID-19 seroconversion.
seropositive, ↓28.8%, p=0.003, >30nmol/L
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
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PrEP |
Maghbooli et al., PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239799 (Peer Reviewed) |
death, ↓51.7%, p=0.08 |
Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection |
| Retrospective 235 hospitalized patients showing a significant association between vitamin D sufficiency and reduction in clinical severity.
For patients over 40, mortality was 9.7% with 25(OH)D levels >30ng/mL, versus 20% for <30ng/mL.
.. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Maghbooli et al., PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239799 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection |
Retrospective 235 hospitalized patients showing a significant association between vitamin D sufficiency and reduction in clinical severity.For patients over 40, mortality was 9.7% with 25(OH)D levels >30ng/mL, versus 20% for <30ng/mL.A significant reduction in serum CRP, an inflammatory marker, along with increased lymphocytes percentage suggest that vitamin D sufficiency may help modulate the immune response possibly by reducing the risk for cytokine storm in response to this viral infection.
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death, ↓51.7%, p=0.08, age >40
ventilation, ↓31.6%, p=0.49
ICU admission, ↓32.0%, p=0.33, >30nmol/L
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
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PrEP |
Kaufman et al., PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239252 (Peer Reviewed) |
cases, ↓53.0%, p<0.001 |
SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels |
| Analysis of 191,779 patients in the US finding COVID-19 positivity strongly and inversely associated with circulating 25(OH)D levels. The relationship persists across latitudes, races/ethnicities, gender, and age ranges.
COVID-19 adjuste.. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Kaufman et al., PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239252 (Peer Reviewed) |
| SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels |
Analysis of 191,779 patients in the US finding COVID-19 positivity strongly and inversely associated with circulating 25(OH)D levels. The relationship persists across latitudes, races/ethnicities, gender, and age ranges.COVID-19 adjusted odds ratio OR 0.984 per ng/mL increment, p<0.001). The decrease in positivity rate appeared to plateau as values approached 55 ng/mL.Patients with high D levels (>55 ng/mL) compared to patients with very low D levels (<20 ng/mL) have a much lower risk of COVID-19 cases, with unadjusted RR 0.47, p<0.001.
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COVID-19 case, ↓53.0%, p<0.001, >55 ng/mL vs. <20 ng/mL
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
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PrEP |
Radujkovic et al., Nutrients 2020, 12:9, 2757, doi:10.3390/nu12092757 (Peer Reviewed) |
death, ↓93.2%, p=0.001 |
Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients |
| Observational study 185 patients in Germany shows an association between vitamin D status and severity and mortality. Adjusted hazard ratio of vitamin D sufficiency for combined mechanical ventilation and death was HR 0.16, p < 0.001, and.. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Radujkovic et al., Nutrients 2020, 12:9, 2757, doi:10.3390/nu12092757 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients |
Observational study 185 patients in Germany shows an association between vitamin D status and severity and mortality. Adjusted hazard ratio of vitamin D sufficiency for combined mechanical ventilation and death was HR 0.16, p < 0.001, and for death HR 0.068, p < 0.001.
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death, ↓93.2%, p=0.001, >30nmol/L
combined intubation/death, ↓84.0%, p<0.001, >30nmol/L
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
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PrEP |
Israel et al., medRxiv, doi:https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.20188268v1 (Preprint) |
cases, ↓21.3%, p<0.001 |
The link between vitamin D deficiency and Covid-19 in a large population |
| Large observational population study showing a strong association between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Israel et al., medRxiv, doi:https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.20188268v1 (Preprint) |
| The link between vitamin D deficiency and Covid-19 in a large population |
| Large observational population study showing a strong association between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19.
COVID-19 case, ↓21.3%, p<0.001, multivariable >75 nmol/L vs. <30 nmol/L
(odds ratio converted to relative risk)
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
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Late |
Castillo et al., Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 203, October 2020, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751 (Peer Reviewed) |
death, ↓85.4%, p=0.11 |
Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study |
| RCT on calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significantly reduced intensive care unit admissions.
All patients received standard care including HC Q+AZ. Significant.. |
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Positive
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Late treatment study
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| Castillo et al., Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 203, October 2020, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study |
| RCT on calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significantly reduced intensive care unit admissions. All patients received standard care including HC Q+AZ. Significantly lower ICU admission with the addition of Calcifediol - adjusted odds ratio 0.03 [0.003-0.25]. No deaths for Calcifediol (0/50), 2 deaths for SOC (2/26).For additional analysis see [1].
death, ↓85.4%, p=0.11
ICU admission, ↓94.2%, p=0.001
(adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
(odds ratio converted to relative risk)
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
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Early |
Espitia-Hernandez et al., Biomedical Research, 31:5 (Peer Reviewed) |
viral+, ↓97.2%, p<0.0001 |
Effects of Ivermectin-azithromycin-cholecalciferol combined therapy on COVID-19 infected patients: A proof of concept study |
| Small study with 28 patients treated with ivermectin + AZ + cholecalciferol and 7 control patients.
All treated patients were PCR- at day 10 while all control patients remained PCR+.
The mean duration of symptoms was 3 days in the treatm.. |
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Positive
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Early treatment study
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| Espitia-Hernandez et al., Biomedical Research, 31:5 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Effects of Ivermectin-azithromycin-cholecalciferol combined therapy on COVID-19 infected patients: A proof of concept study |
Small study with 28 patients treated with ivermectin + AZ + cholecalciferol and 7 control patients.All treated patients were PCR- at day 10 while all control patients remained PCR+.
The mean duration of symptoms was 3 days in the treatment group and 10 days in the control group.
no virological cure, ↓97.2%, p<0.0001, risk of viral+ at day 10, treatment also with IVM and AZ
(adjusted for zero (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm))
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
|
PrEP |
Carpagnano et al., J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2020, Aug 9, 1-7, doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01370-x (Peer Reviewed) |
death, ↓70.6%, p=0.05 |
Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19 |
| Retrospective study 42 patients with acute respiratory failure, 81% with low vitamin D levels.
After 10 days, patients with severe vitamin D deficiency had a 50% probability of dying, while those with vitamin D ≥ 10 ng/mL had a 5% mortal.. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Carpagnano et al., J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2020, Aug 9, 1-7, doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01370-x (Peer Reviewed) |
| Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19 |
Retrospective study 42 patients with acute respiratory failure, 81% with low vitamin D levels.After 10 days, patients with severe vitamin D deficiency had a 50% probability of dying, while those with vitamin D ≥ 10 ng/mL had a 5% mortality risk, RR 0.1, p = 0.019.
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death, ↓70.6%, p=0.05, risk of death at day 26, >30 ng/mL
death, ↓90.0%, p=0.02, risk of death at day 10, >30 ng/mL
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Source
Study Page
Submit Corrections or Comments
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Positive
|
PrEP |
Merzon et al., The FEBS Journal, doi:doi.org/10.1111/febs.15495 (Peer Reviewed) |
hosp., ↓46.4%, p=0.06 |
Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study |
| Analysis of 7,807 patients finding that low vitamin D levels are correlated with increased risk of cases and hospitalization. Adjusted odds ratio OR for sufficient vitamin D level for cases 0.69, p < 0.001, and for hospitalization 0.51, p.. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Merzon et al., The FEBS Journal, doi:doi.org/10.1111/febs.15495 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study |
| Analysis of 7,807 patients finding that low vitamin D levels are correlated with increased risk of cases and hospitalization. Adjusted odds ratio OR for sufficient vitamin D level for cases 0.69, p < 0.001, and for hospitalization 0.51, p = 0.061.
hospitalization, ↓46.4%, p=0.06, >30ng/mL
COVID-19 case, ↓28.4%, p<0.001, NOTE:>30ng/mL
(odds ratio converted to relative risk)
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Positive
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PrEP |
Lansiaux et al., Spat. Spatiotemporal Epidemiol, doi:10.1016/j.sste.2020.100362 (Peer Reviewed) |
Covid-19 and vit-d: Disease mortality negatively correlates with sunlight exposure |
| Analysis of COVID-19 mortality rate and sunlight exposure finding a correlation that suggests a protective effect of sunlight exposure.
In continental metropolitan France, average annual sunlight hours were found to be significantly cor.. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Lansiaux et al., Spat. Spatiotemporal Epidemiol, doi:10.1016/j.sste.2020.100362 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Covid-19 and vit-d: Disease mortality negatively correlates with sunlight exposure |
| Analysis of COVID-19 mortality rate and sunlight exposure finding a correlation that suggests a protective effect of sunlight exposure.In continental metropolitan France, average annual sunlight hours were found to be significantly correlated to the COVID-19 mortality rate, with a Pearson coefficient of -0.636.
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Meta
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PrEP |
Jolliffe et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.20152728 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis) |
Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials |
| Meta analysis of 40 RCTs showing that vitamin D supplementation is safe and reduced risk of acute respiratory infections, odds ratio OR 0.89 [0.81-0.98]. |
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Meta
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Jolliffe et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.20152728 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis) |
| Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials |
Meta analysis of 40 RCTs showing that vitamin D supplementation is safe and reduced risk of acute respiratory infections, odds ratio OR 0.89 [0.81-0.98].
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Positive
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PrEP |
Faul et al., Irish Medical Journal, 113:5, 84. (Peer Reviewed) |
ventilation, ↓69.0%, p=0.03 |
Vitamin D Deficiency and ARDS after SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
| Analysis of 33 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure requiring FiO2 greater than 0.4.
Intubation hazard ratio for vitamin D sufficiency HR 0.31, p = 0.03. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Faul et al., Irish Medical Journal, 113:5, 84. (Peer Reviewed) |
| Vitamin D Deficiency and ARDS after SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
| Analysis of 33 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure requiring FiO2 greater than 0.4.Intubation hazard ratio for vitamin D sufficiency HR 0.31, p = 0.03.
ventilation, ↓69.0%, p=0.03, >30nmol/L
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Positive
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PrEP |
Panagiotou et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.21.20136903 (Peer Reviewed) |
ICU, ↓52.0%, p=0.02 |
Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity: results of a local audit of practice |
| Retrospective analysis 134 hospitalized patients. 19% of ICU patients had 25(OH)D levels > 50 nmol/L vs. 39.1% of non-ICU patients, p=0.02 |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Panagiotou et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.21.20136903 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity: results of a local audit of practice |
| Retrospective analysis 134 hospitalized patients. 19% of ICU patients had 25(OH)D levels > 50 nmol/L vs. 39.1% of non-ICU patients, p=0.02
ICU admission, ↓52.0%, p=0.02, >50nmol/L
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In Vitro
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N/A |
Mok et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.21.162396 (Preprint) |
Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is a promising candidate for COVID-19 prophylaxis |
| In Vitro study showing that the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol, exhibits significant potent activity against SARS-CoV-2. |
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In Vitro
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N/A
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| Mok et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.21.162396 (Preprint) |
| Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is a promising candidate for COVID-19 prophylaxis |
In Vitro study showing that the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol, exhibits significant potent activity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Positive
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Late |
Tan et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017 (Peer Reviewed) |
oxygen, ↓80.5%, p=0.04 |
Cohort study to evaluate the effect of combination Vitamin D, Magnesium and Vitamin B12 (DMB) on progression to severe outcome in older COVID-19 patients |
| Observational study of 43 patients >= 50 years old, with 17 patients receiving vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 (DMB); and 26 control patients, showing a significantly lower need for oxygen therapy and ICU admission with treatment.
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Positive
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Late treatment study
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| Tan et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Cohort study to evaluate the effect of combination Vitamin D, Magnesium and Vitamin B12 (DMB) on progression to severe outcome in older COVID-19 patients |
Observational study of 43 patients >= 50 years old, with 17 patients receiving vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 (DMB); and 26 control patients, showing a significantly lower need for oxygen therapy and ICU admission with treatment.DMB exposure was associated with odds ratios of 0.13 [0.03–0.59] and 0.20 [0.04–0.93] for oxygen therapy and/or intensive care support on univariate and multivariate analyses respectively.
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oxygen therapy, ↓80.5%, p=0.04
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Positive
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PrEP |
Lau et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.20075838 (Preprint) |
ICU, ↓45.0%, p=0.29 |
Vitamin D Insufficiency is Prevalent in Severe COVID-19 |
| Analysis of 20 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 13 requiring ICU admission. 84.6% of the ICU patients had low vitamin D levels versus 57.1% of the non-ICU patients. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Lau et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.20075838 (Preprint) |
| Vitamin D Insufficiency is Prevalent in Severe COVID-19 |
| Analysis of 20 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 13 requiring ICU admission. 84.6% of the ICU patients had low vitamin D levels versus 57.1% of the non-ICU patients.
ICU admission, ↓45.0%, p=0.29
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Review
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Review |
Grant et al., Nutrients, 12:4, 988, doi:10.3390/nu12040988 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths |
| Review of the evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce COVID-19 risk. |
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Review
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Review
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| Grant et al., Nutrients, 12:4, 988, doi:10.3390/nu12040988 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
| Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths |
| Review of the evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce COVID-19 risk.
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Meta
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N/A |
Martineau et al., BMJ 2017, 356, doi:10.1136/bmj.i6583 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis) |
cases, ↓7.3%, p=0.003 |
Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data |
| Meta analysis of 25 RCTs showing vitamin D supplementation was safe and it protected against acute respiratory tract infection overall. Patients who were very vitamin D deficient and those not receiving bolus doses experienced the most be.. |
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Meta
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N/A
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| Martineau et al., BMJ 2017, 356, doi:10.1136/bmj.i6583 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis) |
| Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data |
| Meta analysis of 25 RCTs showing vitamin D supplementation was safe and it protected against acute respiratory tract infection overall. Patients who were very vitamin D deficient and those not receiving bolus doses experienced the most benefit.Vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of acute respiratory tract infection among all participants (adjusted odds ratio aOR 0.88 [0.81-0.96], p=0.003.In subgroup analysis, protective effects were seen in those receiving daily or weekly vitamin D without additional bolus doses (aOR 0.81 [0.72-0.91]) but not in those receiving one or more bolus doses (aOR 0.97 [0.86-1.10]). Among those receiving daily or weekly vitamin D, protective effects were stronger in those with baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels <25 nmol/L (aOR 0.30 [0.17-0.53]) than in those with baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels ≥25 nmol/L (aOR 0.75 [0.60-0.95]).
COVID-19 case, ↓7.3%, p=0.003
(odds ratio converted to relative risk)
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Meta
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N/A |
Bergman et al., PLoS One, 2013, 8:6, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065835 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis) |
Vitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |
| Meta analysis of 11 placebo-controlled studies of 5660 patients. Vitamin D showed a protective effect against RTI (OR 0.64 [0.49-0.84]).
The protective effect was larger in studies using once-daily dosing compared to bolus doses (OR = 0... |
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Meta
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N/A
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| Bergman et al., PLoS One, 2013, 8:6, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065835 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis) |
| Vitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |
| Meta analysis of 11 placebo-controlled studies of 5660 patients. Vitamin D showed a protective effect against RTI (OR 0.64 [0.49-0.84]).The protective effect was larger in studies using once-daily dosing compared to bolus doses (OR = 0.51 vs OR = 0.86, p = 0.01). There was some evidence that results may have been influenced by publication bias.
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Review
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N/A |
Palacios et al., J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol., 2014, 144PA, 138–145, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? |
| Review showing vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide in all age groups. |
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Review
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N/A
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| Palacios et al., J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol., 2014, 144PA, 138–145, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
| Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? |
Review showing vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide in all age groups.
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Inconc.
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Related |
Mitchell et al., Endocr Pract., 2012, 18:6, 914–923, doi:10.4158/EP12072.OR (Peer Reviewed) (Related) |
Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in healthy adults |
| Study of 634 healthy volunteers showing 64% had 25(OH)D ≤ 30 ng/mL. Gender, ethnicity, and multivitamin use were significantly associated with 25(OH)D levels. |
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Inconc.
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Related
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| Mitchell et al., Endocr Pract., 2012, 18:6, 914–923, doi:10.4158/EP12072.OR (Peer Reviewed) (Related) |
| Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in healthy adults |
Study of 634 healthy volunteers showing 64% had 25(OH)D ≤ 30 ng/mL. Gender, ethnicity, and multivitamin use were significantly associated with 25(OH)D levels.
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Source
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Positive
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PrEP |
Urashima et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91:5, 1255-60, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094 (Peer Reviewed) |
Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren |
| RCT for vitamin D supplementation and seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren, showing 10.8% incidence in children in the vitamin D3 group compared with 18.6% in the placebo group, relative risk RR 0.58 [0.34-0.99], p = 0.04.
The reductio.. |
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Positive
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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
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| Urashima et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91:5, 1255-60, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren |
RCT for vitamin D supplementation and seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren, showing 10.8% incidence in children in the vitamin D3 group compared with 18.6% in the placebo group, relative risk RR 0.58 [0.34-0.99], p = 0.04.The reduction was more prominent in children who had not been taking other vitamin D supplements. RR 0.36 [0.17-0.79], p 0.006, and who started nursery school after age 3y, RR 0.36 [0.17-0.78], p = 0.005.Reduced incidence of influenza B was not seen, RR 1.39 [0.90-2.15], p = 0.13.
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Review
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N/A |
Cannell et al., Epidemiol Infect., 2006, 134:6. 1129-40, doi:10.1017/S0950268806007175 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
Epidemic influenza and vitamin D |
| Review article on the mechanisms of action and seasonality of vitamin D levels, concluding that varying vitamin D levels may be the reason for the seasonality of epidemic influenza. |
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Review
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N/A
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| Cannell et al., Epidemiol Infect., 2006, 134:6. 1129-40, doi:10.1017/S0950268806007175 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
| Epidemic influenza and vitamin D |
Review article on the mechanisms of action and seasonality of vitamin D levels, concluding that varying vitamin D levels may be the reason for the seasonality of epidemic influenza.
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